So transistors and resistors, sometimes capacitors. What is inside here, what's going on inside here? So what's inside here is, somewhere between 20 and 50 or Analyzing these circuits isĪctually gonna be pretty simple. So these are the two electrical properties that are gonna allow us Is v out equals A times v in, where v in, of course,Įquals v plus minus v minus. The first one is the voltage behavior, v out equals the gain times v plus minus v minus. The voltages at these points but no current flows in. That we need to know, and that is the current, this current right here and this current right here, for an op-amp, an ideal op-amp, is zero, no current flows in here. Here and what's inside it, and how it's actuallyĬonnected up in a circuit. Little bit more detail about what this symbol means It goes through zero, and this is where we Over this range in here between those two points, is quite linear. Goes flat basically here and here, where this voltage value here is minus the power supply, and this voltage right here Of this is that v out cannot go above or below To be 10 to the fifth or 10 to the sixth, something like that, very, very vertical. This, something like this, it's gonna be a very steep line, and the slope of that line, the slope of this line is A. That's the input signal to the op-amp, and we're gonnaĪpply the gain factor to it to get v out. And the axis here are v in and v out, where v in specificallyĮquals v plus minus v minus. This equation right here, just so we get a good idea Proportional to the difference in the voltage between And differential input means that v out equals the gain times v plus minus v minus. We'll call this v plus, and we'll call this input v minus. And what a differential input means, it says, we have, we can Has differential inputs, and that's as opposed to something we call a single-ended input, which This kind of input here is referred to as a differential input. And the third that'sĭistinctive about op-amps is that they have this kind of input. In the next couple of videos and what that means, but that's the application When we talk about op-amps is that they're usedįor feedback circuits. Usually with a symbol A, is something like 10 to theįifth to 10 to the sixth. So when we say the word op-amp, we have some specific properties in mind. Voltage that goes into it, and some sort of minus voltage. One is the minus input, and it has an output, and it also has two power supplies to it. It has two inputs, one is the plus input, The symbol for that, we use for an operationalĪmplifier, is a triangle. Now, when we talk specifically about an operational amplifier, So this is a really commonĪctivity in electronic design. And a signal, that I've shown here as x, is anything that we're interested in, it could be a voltage or a current, and when we put it through an amplifier, we get a larger version of it. Out here is A times x, and that's what we mean by amplification. With some sort of gain, and if I put a signal x in here, usually a voltage or a current, then the signal that comes An amplifier is anything that you put an electronic signal in, and you get out a larger Or op-amp for short, and this is the workhorse We're gonna talk about the operational amplifier, I'm curious what has you thinking about vacuum tubes? Please leave a comment below. Here we have a dual triode (2 x 3) plus the heater. The last number in the tube identifier (7) tells you the number of active components. Philbrik chose to use a parallel 6.3 V connection. For this particular tube the heaters may be run in parallel or series. The first number (12) indicates the heater voltage. By modern standards the circuit is very inconvenient with its + and - 300 VDC power rails and the 6.3 V (likely AC) for the tube heaters.įun fact - the vacuum tube identifier tells you something at a glance. It uses two each dual triodes (12AX7 vacuum tubes) as the active elements. This is one of the first recognizable op amps on the market. You may be interested in the Philbrick K2-W - link below. Consequently, the circuits must be designed differently. Know that there is only one type of vacuum tube - think of it as an NPN transistor. In modern op-amps you will find both PNP and NPN transistors.
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